This winter our team planted 33,000 trees across Devon and Cornwall, delivering new woodland creation and hedgerow planting projects at scale. It’s an achievement we’re very proud of, but planting is only the beginning. Establishment is where success is determined and truly measured.

Across the UK, millions of trees are planted each year, with a significant proportion failing within the first three to five years. The reasons are rarely dramatic. More often, they stem from inadequate aftercare: insufficient weed suppression, unchecked browsing pressure, lack of inspection, and no structured beating-up programme.

If we are serious about climate resilience, biodiversity net gain and long-term ecological recovery, we must move beyond headline tree numbers and focus on survival rates and strong establishment.

In landscapes with livestock, deer or rabbits, tree protection systems are essential. Guards and shelters provide physical defence and create a beneficial microclimate that can accelerate early growth.

However, tree guards are not a fit-and-forget solution. Without routine inspection and maintenance, guards can become dislodged, damaged or constrictive, stakes loosen, Grazing pressure increases and browsing damage occurs. Neglected protection can undo years of growth in a single season. Ongoing monitoring is critical to maintaining effective tree protection.

Planting a tree does not sequester carbon. A growing, established tree does.

A hedgerow only begins to provide meaningful habitat connectivity once it has thickened, matured and developed sufficient structure to support wildlife movement and shelter. Similarly, a woodland cannot deliver true structural biodiversity until distinct canopy layers have formed, creating the varied habitats that different species depend upon.

The first three years are critical for successful establishment, and the first five years will often determine whether a scheme goes on to thrive as a resilient ecosystem or gradually declines through poor survival and weak development.

Having planted 33,000 trees across Devon and Cornwall this winter, our focus now shifts to establishment and long-term woodland management. Because the true measure of success is not how many trees go into the ground, but how many are thriving ten years from now.

Aftercare is not an add-on. It is the discipline that turns planting into lasting environmental impact.

Cornish hedging is far more than a field boundary. It is a defining feature of the Cornish landscape — a traditional stone-faced earth bank that delivers structural strength, agricultural function and significant ecological value in one integrated system.

Unlike post-and-wire fencing or newly planted hedgerows alone, a true Cornish hedge is an engineered stone-faced earth bank constructed to a specific profile. When constructed correctly, it is stock-proof, durable, visually distinctive and capable of lasting for generations with appropriate maintenance. For farms, estates and landowners across Cornwall, it represents a long-term investment in both infrastructure and biodiversity.

High-quality Cornish hedge construction relies on correct specification, skilled workmanship and appropriate materials.

Foundations:

• Strong foundations are essential. The base must be stripped of vegetation and loose material and built on firm ground. Larger foundation stones are set at the base to provide a stable footing and prevent long-term settlement or slumping.

Stone Facing and Inward Batter:

• The two stone faces are built with an inward batter typically between 1:6 and 1:8, depending on height and ground conditions. The base width is approximately two-thirds of the finished height, providing sufficient mass and stability.

• Locally sourced stone is used wherever possible, ensuring the hedge sits naturally within the surrounding landscape and maintains regional character.

Core Fill and Compaction:

• The inner core is filled and compacted with subsoil and smaller stone to eliminate voids and provide structural density. Compaction during construction is essential; loosely packed banks inevitably fail.

Height and Profile:

• The finished height varies depending on the purpose, ranging between 1.2m and 1.8m for agricultural field boundaries. The crest is levelled and compacted, ready for planting where a living hedgerow is required.

Drainage and Longevity:

• A properly built Cornish hedge sheds water naturally through the stone faces, reducing internal saturation and protecting structural integrity. Inadequate drainage and insufficient compaction are among the most common causes of failure in poorly reconstructed banks.

Specification matters. Stone selection, face angle, base preparation and compaction determine whether a hedge stands for decades or begins to slump within years.

For working farms and estates, Cornish hedging delivers multiple practical benefits:

• Effective and durable stock control
• Wind shelter and microclimate improvement
• Runoff interception and soil stabilisation
• Long-term boundary security
• Reduced reliance on temporary fencing
• Enhanced landscape character and heritage value

Unlike modern fencing systems that require frequent replacement, a well-built Cornish hedge requires maintenance rather than renewal. Periodic topping, minor stone repairs and gapping-up of planting can keep it functional for generations.